Passage 8
Cell phones have increased dramatically as a new communication technology in the
modern world. This study aimed to determine the relationship between cell phone
over use scale with depression, anxiety and stress among university students in
Khorramabad, Iran.
In this descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study, 212 students were
randomly selected from the Lorestan University of Medical Sciences by a
combination of stratified and clustered random sampling. Data were collected
by two standard questionnaires including, Cell-phone Over-use Scale (COS) and
Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS-21) and were analyzed using SPSS V.22.
Based on the results, 72.2% of the students were exclusively male, which a majority
of them were in age of 21–23years (46.2%), and 92.5% were single. Based on the
multiple linear regression and after adjustment for the confounding effect, there
was a significant relationship between cell phone over use scale on student’s
stress (t=2.614, P=0.010), and student’s anxiety (t=2.209, P=0.028); however there
was not a significant relationship between cell phone over use scale on student’s
depression (t=1.790, P=0.075).
Based on the multiple linear regression and after adjustment for the confounding
effect, there was a significant relationship between cell phone over use scale on
student’s stress (t=2.614, P=0.010); so that by increasing in each unit of cell phone
over use score, the student’s stress score increases about 0.040units. In other
words, by increasing in every 25units of cell phone over use score, the student’s
stress score increases about 1 unit.
Also after adjustment for the confounding effect, there was a significant relationship
between cell phone over use scale on student’s anxiety (t=2.209, P=0.028); so that
by increasing in each unit of cell phone over use score, the student’s anxiety score
increases about 0.031units. In other words, by increasing in every 33units of cell
phone over use score, the student’s stress score increases about 1 unit.
Finally after adjustment for the confounding effect, there was not a significant
relationship between cell phone over use scale on student’s depression (t=1.790,
P=0.075); so that by increasing in each unit of cell phone over use score, the
student’s anxiety score increases about 0.028units. In other words, by increasing
in every 36units of cell phone over use score, the student’s stress score increases
about 1 unit.
Harmful use of cell phones can aggravate psychological disorders such as anxiety,
stress and depression and by controlling this factor can increase the level of mental
health and improve the quality of life in students.
Investigate the relationship between cell-phone over-use scale with depression,
anxiety and stress among university students. Adapted from Hashemi et al. (2022)
Which of the following biological changes is most likely to occur in the disorder
described in question 49?
A) Dopamine imbalances in varying structures of the central nervous system (CNS)
B) Increased deposition of misfolded proteins throughout the peripheral
nervous system (PNS)
C) An overall deficiency in the amount of serotonin available to the structures
of the central nervous system (CNS)
D) Reduced GABA-ergic transmission throughout the entire body
Correct answer is A
While many psychiatric disorders have unclear etiologies or causes, there are
various biological changes that have been correlated or associated with different
illnesses and are therefore thought to be either causes of or the results of those
particular diseases.
A psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia is thought to be, in part, due to
dopamine imbalances in varying structures of the central nervous system (CNS). In
some parts of the brain, there may be too much dopamine, whereas in others, there
may be too little, with the result that there is an overall imbalance of dopamine
where it is required for normal functioning. For this reason, Answer A is correct.
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