Passage 5
Migrants detained and held in immigration and other detention settings in the U.S.
have faced increased risk of COVID-19 infection…this study sought to estimate
rates of COVID-19 testing, infection, care seeking, and vaccination among Mexican
migrants detained by U.S. immigration authorities and forcibly returned to Mexico.
We conducted a cross-sectional probability survey of Mexican migrants deported
from the U.S. to three Mexican border cities: Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and Matamoros (N
= 306)...survey measures included self-reported history of COVID-19 testing, infection,
care seeking, vaccination, intentions to vaccinate, and other prevention and risk factors.
Weighted data were used to estimate population-level prevalence rates. Bivariate tests
and adjusted logistic regression models were estimated to identify associations between
these COVID-19 outcomes and demographic, migration, and contextual factors.
Age, English fluency, and length of detention were positively associated with testing
and vaccination history, whereas detention in an immigration center and length of
time living in the U.S. were negatively related to testing, infection, and vaccination
history. Survey city and survey quarter also showed adjusted associations with
testing, infection, and vaccination history, reflecting potential variations in access to
services across geographic regions and over time as the pandemic unfolded.
This study provides insights into the extent of COVID-19 testing, infection, care, and
vaccination among Mexican migrants deported from the U.S., an underserved and
understudied migrant population. The results show that at least a third had a history
of diagnosed or suspected infection, and over 44% were held in crowded conditions.
The study also demonstrates insufficient access to testing and care for COVID-19,
but higher-than-expected levels of vaccination and willingness to get vaccinated
among those not yet immunized. As we prepare for future waves of the pandemic
and potentially more transmissible and/or deadly variants, decarceration and other
measures aimed at reducing COVID-19 risk and increasing access to preventive
services and treatment among detained migrants must be planned and implemented.
Figure 1: COVID-19 testing, infection, and vaccination among deported Mexican
migrants: Results from a survey on the Mexico-U.S. border. Adapted from MartínezDonate et al. (2022).
Suppose the three Mexican border cities mentioned in the passage
experienced a rapid increase in infrastructure improvement, with the result
that many residents leave as they cannot find affordable housing. Which of the
following would best describe this scenario?
A) Urbanization
B) Gentrification
C) Industrialization
D) Urban decline
Correct answer is B
The question stem describes an increase in infrastructure improvements and
the resultant displacement of those who can no longer afford to live in particular
cities due to rising rent prices. In other words, what is described here is a situation
in which specific locations have experienced economic improvement that then
excludes a certain population from residing in those areas. As the conditions of an
urban area improve, more affluent populations may move into the area with the
result that those in a lower socioeconomic class are forced to leave. This is known
as the process of gentrification, making Answer B is correct.
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